Author

Jason Casey

Published

October 28, 2024

1 Intro-Duck-tion

1.1 What is DuckDB?

© Andrzej Tokarski - stock.adobe.com

© Andrzej Tokarski - stock.adobe.com

DuckDB is an open source analytical database system. It touts itself as simple (i.e., no dependencies), very fast, and compatible with all operating systems. It has a command-line-interface (CLI) for those who want to directly query it or it can be used easily in host applications created in many languages, including R and Python. Consult the documentation for more details on language support and usage.

The National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) offers the full data for each annual collection of the Integrated Postsecondary Education System (IPEDS) from 2004 to present in Microsoft Access databases. While the individual data tables can be directly downloaded from the IPEDS site, the databases contain additional material: full codebooks, derived variables from their Data Feedback Reports (DFR), as well as institutional peer selections for the DFR’s. They are quite handy but are only usable by those with Windows-based machines and with a license for Microsoft Office.

Since you don’t need Windows or even host software to use DuckDB, each year I convert the present Provisional database and the immediately prior Final database to individual parquet files and to a single DuckDB file. Both are available in the Dropbox archive, but this document covers simple use of the DuckDB data (parquet is covered in parquet_example.qmd in this repository).

1.2 Loading the Dependencies

For this example, you’re going to need my libraries. Due to housing multiple languages in this tutorial, I haven’t created a virtual environment to ensure that appropriate libraries and versioning are present using Renv, venv, or conda. However, it is a simple matter to quickly install all of the needed material:

Code
# install needed packages, if necessary
packages <-
  c(
    'tidyverse',
    'duckdb',
    'DT',
    'flextable',
    'formattable',
    'officer',
    'wesanderson',
    'ggthemes',
    'patchwork'
    )

for (pkg in packages) {
  if (pkg %in% rownames(installed.packages()) == FALSE) {
    install.packages(pkg, dependencies = TRUE)
    }
  }

# load required libraries
library(tidyverse)
library(duckdb)
library(DT)
library(flextable)
library(formattable)
library(officer)
library(wesanderson)
library(ggthemes)
library(patchwork)

# hide tidyverse messages
options(tidyverse.quiet = TRUE)
options(dplyr.summarise.inform = FALSE)

# formatting bits for tables
big_border = fp_border(color = "red", width = 2)
small_border = fp_border(color = "gray", width = 1)

The R code chunk above checks for the existence of each package in your library and installs it if necessary. Next, it loads the libraries, sets a few handy options, and creates a couple of formatting shortcuts for my tables. For reference, here is what I used in this tutorial:

tidyverse

Tidyverse (tidyverse) contains multiple packages and is a shorthand that permits the loading of all at once. (You can break out the packages that you need if you don’t want to load the whole thing). The main parts we will use are dbplyr, which provides an easy interface for querying our database, dplyr and tidyr, which have handy commands for tidying our data, and ggplot2, which I’ll be using for plotting.

The Tidyverse was created by Hadley Wickham to support a concept known as tidy data. It goes beyond a set of packages to a whole philosophy. There is a free book on it, R for Data Science, that is well worth the reading even if you do not intend to work with tidy or even in R. In addition to this book, there is a great book by Winston Chang that covers ggplot2 pretty extensively: R Graphics Cookbook.

duckdb

This is the R interface to the DuckDB API. Behind the scenes, it loads the DBI package, which allows us to connect to databases (not just DuckDB), pass commands and queries, and disconnect.

DT

The DT package provides a nice interface for displaying R data.frames in a web document, which is what I’m using this for.

flextable

The flextable package provides a very nice way to create the oldest of data visualizations, the table. This oft overlooked activity is critical and a good set of tools to make them are a must in any serious data scientist’s toolbox. (Other nice packages are gt and kableExtra, for those who are interested, but I won’t be using those fine tools here).

formattable

The formattable package has its own table-making capacity, but is used here for its formatting functions.

officer

The officer package contains a suite of functions for manipulating MS Office files (Word and Powerpoint, specifically). I’m using it for creating table formatting shortcuts.

wesanderson

Who wants to rock their plots like an indie film legend? I do! The wesanderson package provides access to color palettes that were derived from filmmaker Wes Anderson’s repertoire. Not all of these are colorblind-friendly, so use caution with them, but they add a nice aesthetic touch to visualizations.

ggthemes

The ggthemes adds thematic overlays for plots created in ggplot2.

patchwork

The patchwork packages provides tools for creating multi-plot displays and dashboards from plots created in ggplot2. It is powerful and simple to use.

1.3 Accessing the Data

Note

Note that the following instructions work well on my Mac, but not on my Windows-based machine, where R reports that the downloaded file was corrupted. (Oddly, these files were created on that same machine!). If you encounter this, simply download the file from Dropbox manually and change the file reference to load it that way.

The entire sequence of converted IPEDS Access databases has been shared via Dropbox. The data are updated annually around January when NCES typically releases the prior year’s collection file. The most recent file in the sequence is always Provisional, which means that it is subject to revision for the next year, and several institutions’ submission will be altered in a typical year. The following year, those data become Final and I replace the previously Provisional file with the Final one.

Dropbox provides a permalink to each file in the collection. To use the file, we need this link. This can be done by navigating to the desired file – in this case, the IPEDS202223.duckdb file – and selecting the link icon to the right of the file as shown here:

Clicking this will copy the permalink to your clipboard. Paste this link into your script (in my case, this Quarto document). Here is what this particular url looks like:

See the last four characters, “dl=0”? This tells Dropbox that you want to view the file. Instead, we want to download the contents, as shown in the Dropbox documentation, so we’ll need to change the zero at the end to a one, which we’ve done in the code below. We will need to download the desired file or files to a local directory in order to connect to the database and use the data. The following code does that particular bit of heavy lifting:

Code
# url from Dropbox, modified to force a download
url <- "https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/j9bo12zmi5kw3bfdw5zcg/IPEDS202223.duckdb?rlkey=1xclcnna2i3bhwd25lvarxlhl&st=hgvltj0v&dl=1"

# local file path for downloadable
local_file <- '../data/db.duckdb'

# downloading is expensive, so only download if it isn't presently available
if (!file.exists(local_file)) {
    download.file(url, destfile = local_file)
}

# create a connection to the db
con <- dbConnect(duckdb(),
                 dbdir = local_file,
                 read_only = TRUE)

Files on Dropbox can sometimes be used directly without downloading, but I’ve had no luck using DuckDB files across http. (Drop me a line if you solve this little dilemma!).

2 Using Your DuckDB Connection

Now that we have a connection to the database, we can use it to send commands to the database, execute queries, and the like. As noted above, these are provided by the DBI library and the functions tend to begin with “db”. One handy starting point is to get a list of the tables in our database…

Code
dbListTables(con)
 [1] "ADM2022"           "AL2022"            "C2022DEP"         
 [4] "C2022_A"           "C2022_B"           "C2022_C"          
 [7] "CUSTOMCGIDS2022"   "DRVADM2022"        "DRVAL2022"        
[10] "DRVC2022"          "DRVEF122022"       "DRVEF2022"        
[13] "DRVF2022"          "DRVGR2022"         "DRVHR2022"        
[16] "DRVIC2022"         "DRVOM2022"         "EAP2022"          
[19] "EF2022"            "EF2022A"           "EF2022A_DIST"     
[22] "EF2022B"           "EF2022C"           "EF2022CP"         
[25] "EF2022D"           "EFFY2022"          "EFFY2022_DIST"    
[28] "EFIA2022"          "F2122_F1A"         "F2122_F2"         
[31] "F2122_F3"          "FLAGS2022"         "Filenames22"      
[34] "GR200_22"          "GR2022"            "GR2022_GENDER"    
[37] "GR2022_L2"         "GR2022_PELL_SSL"   "HD2022"           
[40] "IC2022"            "IC2022Mission"     "IC2022_AY"        
[43] "IC2022_PCCAMPUSES" "IC2022_PY"         "OM2022"           
[46] "S2022_IS"          "S2022_NH"          "S2022_OC"         
[49] "S2022_SIS"         "SAL2022_IS"        "SAL2022_NIS"      
[52] "SFA2122_P1"        "SFA2122_P2"        "SFAV2122"         
[55] "Tables22"          "sectiontable22"    "valuesets22"      
[58] "vartable22"       

This listing will be useful in exploring the data. There are five special tables that constitute the codebook for our database:

  1. Tables22 - this contains the tables that make up the collection, and their full descriptions.

  2. Filenames22 - this table contains a listing of filenames related to each survey and table. Unless you are using the raw data files, this isn’t of much use.

  3. sectiontable22 - this shows the survey sections in each table. It also gives the filename. I seldom find a use for this table.

  4. vartable22 - this is a listing of the variables from each table and their descriptions.

  5. valuesets22 - for categorical data, this contains the labels, descriptions, and field codes.

Note that most object names are in UPPERCASE in the codebook. I converted column names to typist-friendly lowercase names during conversion of the Access tables.

The number at the end of each table name (22) is the starting year of the collection. For example, if we had loaded IPEDS202122.duckdb, these would all have “21” as the ending number. Also note that the table, variable, and value numbers are not necessarily consistent across cycles, so exercise caution and confirm, confirm, confirm before using these in multi-year analyses.

We can retrieve data from tables by executing a SQL statement against the connection via the dbGetQuery() function:

Code
# capture three fields from Tables22 for inspection
tables <- dbGetQuery(con, 'SELECT survey, tablenumber, table_name FROM Tables22')

# display the tables in a searchable table
datatable(tables)

DuckDB supports all the usual SQL commands and can be used to perform filters, joins of various types, and unions. It was designed to support online analytical processing (OLAP) and has a feature-rich query engine. The DBI package contains lots of other features, but I’ll limit it to a few simple commands here. You are encouraged to explore the full richness of DuckDB and DBI on your own.

DuckDB also provides useful functions for directly querying parquet, csv, and JSON files. This is potentially very powerful when you want to combine non-database data with your IPEDS data!

If the connection object passes out of context (i.e., it is inside a function call), it will automatically close. Otherwise, you will need to do this explicitly when you are finished:

Code
# force a disconnect
dbDisconnect(con)

# housekeeping
rm(con, tables)

Technically speaking, you can leave connections open and let the garbage collector handle this, but that is considered bad form. With a local database it probably isn’t critical, but a little housekeeping can prevent some unpleasant side effects from cropping up.

3 Using dbplyr

The fine folks at Posit (the company behind RStudio, Tidyverse, Positron, and many other fine things) have created a tidy interface that mimics the dplyr package. It creates SQL queries in the appropriate database dialect behind the scenes and is a real time saver. Using a valid connection, you can have dbplyr create queries as shown here:

Code
# create a connection to the db
con <- dbConnect(duckdb(),
                 dbdir = local_file,
                 read_only = TRUE)

# show a query
tbl(con, 'HD2022') |>
  # the L at the end of the number forces it to integer
  filter(c21basic == 15L) |>
  select(unitid, instnm, stabbr, control, ends_with('url')) |>
  show_query()
<SQL>
SELECT
  unitid,
  instnm,
  stabbr,
  control,
  adminurl,
  faidurl,
  applurl,
  npricurl,
  veturl,
  athurl,
  disaurl
FROM HD2022
WHERE (c21basic = 15)

The dbplyr package uses what is known as lazy loading. That is, it creates a query, but does not retrieve the data until explicity directed to do so with certain functions. Here, I’m using the collect() function to collect the selected records. Other commands that will force return of data are as_tibble(), as.data.frame(), head(), and tail(), among others.

Code
tbl(con, 'HD2022') |>
  # the L at the end of the number forces it to integer
  filter(c21basic == 15L) |>
  select(unitid, instnm, stabbr, control, ends_with('url')) |>
  
  # this is crucial to force dbplyr to collect the data.
  collect() |>
  
  # show the records
  datatable()
Code
dbDisconnect(con)

4 Fetch Data and Make Some Visualizations

With the preliminaries out of the way, we’re ready to fetch a few tables and do some visualizing.

Code
# open a connection, as usual
con <- dbConnect(duckdb(),
                 dbdir = local_file,
                 read_only = TRUE)

# I cheated an looked these up earlier!
table_numbers <- c(10, 12, 27, 160, 120)

codebook <- list(
  tables = tbl(con, 'Tables22') |>
    filter(tablenumber %in% table_numbers) |>
    collect(),
  variables = tbl(con, 'vartable22') |>
    filter(tablenumber %in% table_numbers) |>
    collect(),
  values = tbl(con, 'valuesets22') |>
    filter(tablenumber %in% table_numbers) |>
    collect()
)

df <- tbl(con, 'HD2022') |>
  filter(c21basic == 15) |>
  inner_join(tbl(con, 'IC2022'), by = 'unitid') |>
  inner_join(tbl(con, 'ADM2022'), by = 'unitid') |>
  inner_join(tbl(con, 'AL2022'), by = 'unitid') |>
  inner_join(tbl(con, 'DRVEF2022'), by = 'unitid') |>
  collect() |>
  mutate(short = recode(unitid,
                       `110662` = 'UCLA',
                       `123961` = 'USC',
                       `145637` = 'Illinois',
                       `147767` = 'Northwestern',
                       `151351` = 'Indiana',
                       `153658` = 'Iowa',
                       `163286` = 'Maryland',
                       `171100` = 'MSU',
                       `170976` = 'Michigan',
                       `174066` = 'Minnesota',
                       `181464` = 'Nebraska',
                       `186380` = 'Rutgers',
                       `204796` = 'Ohio State',
                       `209551` = 'Oregon',
                       `214777` = 'Penn State',
                       `236948` = 'Washington',
                       `240444` = 'Wisconsin',
                       `243780` = 'Purdue',
                       .default = ''),
         is_big_ten = confno1 == 107 |
           unitid %in% c(110662, 209551, 123961, 236948),
         big_10 = factor(as.integer(is_big_ten == 0),
                         0:1,
                         c('Big Ten', 'Other')))

# housekeeping
dbDisconnect(con)

5 Tables

5.1 Codebook Tables

First things first. To aid in my analysis, I needed a full description of the tables, variables, and values. I’ve reproduced them in this document as a reference (and to show how this can be accomplished). In production output, you would likely put these in an appendix, if you displayed them at all.

5.1.1 IPEDS Tables Used in Example

Code
codebook$tables |>
  select(tablenumber, survey, table_name, table_title, description) |>
  flextable() |>
  bold(part = 'header') |>
  border_inner_v(part = "all", border = small_border ) |>
  border_inner_h(part = "all", border = small_border ) |>
  autofit()

tablenumber

survey

table_name

table_title

description

10

Institutional Characteristics

HD2022

Directory information

This table contains directory information for every institution in the 2022 IPEDS universe. Includes name, address, city, state, zip code and various URL links to the institution's home page, admissions, financial aid offices and the net price calculator. Identifies institutions as currently active, institutions that participate in Title IV federal financial aid programs for which IPEDS is mandatory. It also includes variables derived from the 2022-23 Institutional Characteristics survey, such as control and level of institution, highest level and highest degree offered and Carnegie classifications.

12

Institutional Characteristics

IC2022

Educational offerings, organization, admissions, services and athletic associations

This table contains data on program and award level offerings, control and affiliation and special learning opportunities. Several variables including open admissions policy, distance education offerings and library services are updated based on admissions data collected in the winter.
There were additional variables added to the 2022-23 data, including categories of noncredit education; new special learning opportunities; and participation in a residency-based scholarship programs for high school graduates (Promise programs).
Beginning in 2020-21, the less-than-1-year certificate award level is divided into the following two award levels: certificates of less-than-12-weeks and certificates of at least 12 weeks but less than 1 year

120

Admissions

ADM2022

Admission considerations, applicants, admissions, and test scores

This table contains information about the undergraduate selection process for entering first-time, degree/certificate-seeking students. This includes information about admission considerations, applicants, applicants that were admitted, and admitted students who enrolled. SAT and ACT test scores are included for institutions, that require test scores for admission. These data are applicable for institutions that do not have an open admissions policy for entering first-time students.
In 2022-23, new admissions considerations were added and the 50th percentile (median) for test scores are available for the first time. The value labels for the admission consideration variables were modified. Additional gender variables were added for students that do not fit the binary gender categories provided (men/women).

27

Fall Enrollment

DRVEF2022

Frequently used derived variables (EF): Fall enrollment 2022

Table includes total full- and part-time enrollment: number of students by student level; percent of students by race/ethnicity categories for all students, undergraduate students and graduate students; percent of students enrolled in distance education courses; percent of undergraduate students by age groups; number of adult age (25-64) that are enrolled by level of student; percent of first-time students that are in-state, out-of-state, or from foreign countries; Frequently used derived variables may include data for child campuses derived from allocation factors that are reported by the parent institution. Parent/child indicators can be found in table flags2022.

160

Academic Libraries

AL2022

Academic Libraries, Fiscal year 2022

The Academic Library survey became part of the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data system in collection year 2014-15. Data include characteristics of the library, collections, expenditures and services. The number of full-time equivalent staff employed by the library were added this fiscal year. Library data are only applicable for degree-granting institutions. Degree-granting institutions with total expenditures over $100,000 dollars will have expenditure data. In 2016-17 the types of collections was expanded to collect information on physical and electronic serials.

5.1.2 Variables in Admissions Table

Code
codebook$variables |>
  filter(tablenumber == 120) |>
  select(var_name, long_description) |>
  flextable() |>
  bold(part = 'header') |>
  border_inner_v(part = "all", border = small_border ) |>
  border_inner_h(part = "all", border = small_border ) |>
  autofit()

var_name

long_description

ADMCON1

Please select the option that best describes how your institution uses any of the following data in its undergraduate selection process.

Admissions considerations - This question refers to the admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students. Indicate the types of considerations that are used as part of the selection process for entering first-time degree/certificate-seeking students. For each, select one of the following options:
Required to be considered for admission,
Not required for admission, but considered if submitted,
Not considered for admission, even if submitted

This is applicable to institutions that do not have an open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students.

Secondary school GPA

ADMCON2

Please select the option that best describes how your institution uses any of the following data in its undergraduate selection process.

Admissions considerations - This question refers to the admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students. Indicate the types of considerations that are used as part of the selection process for entering first-time degree/certificate-seeking students. For each, select one of the following options:
Required to be considered for admission,
Not required for admission, but considered if submitted,
Not considered for admission, even if submitted

This is applicable to institutions that do not have an open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students.

Secondary school rank

ADMCON3

Please select the option that best describes how your institution uses any of the following data in its undergraduate selection process.

Admissions considerations - This question refers to the admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students. Indicate the types of considerations that are used as part of the selection process for entering first-time degree/certificate-seeking students. For each, select one of the following options:
Required to be considered for admission,
Not required for admission, but considered if submitted,
Not considered for admission, even if submitted

This is applicable to institutions that do not have an open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students.

Secondary school record

ADMCON4

Please select the option that best describes how your institution uses any of the following data in its undergraduate selection process.

Admissions considerations - This question refers to the admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students. Indicate the types of considerations that are used as part of the selection process for entering first-time degree/certificate-seeking students. For each, select one of the following options:
Required to be considered for admission,
Not required for admission, but considered if submitted,
Not considered for admission, even if submitted

This is applicable to institutions that do not have an open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students.

Completion of college-preparatory program

ADMCON5

Please select the option that best describes how your institution uses any of the following data in its undergraduate selection process.

Admissions considerations - This question refers to the admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students. Indicate the types of considerations that are used as part of the selection process for entering first-time degree/certificate-seeking students. For each, select one of the following options:
Required to be considered for admission,
Not required for admission, but considered if submitted,
Not considered for admission, even if submitted

This is applicable to institutions that do not have an open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students.

Recommendations

ADMCON6

Please select the option that best describes how your institution uses any of the following data in its undergraduate selection process.

Admissions considerations - This question refers to the admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students. Indicate the types of considerations that are used as part of the selection process for entering first-time degree/certificate-seeking students. For each, select one of the following options:
Required to be considered for admission,
Not required for admission, but considered if submitted,
Not considered for admission, even if submitted

This is applicable to institutions that do not have an open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students.

Formal demonstration of competencies (e.g., portfolios, certificates of mastery, assessment instruments)

ADMCON10

Please select the option that best describes how your institution uses any of the following data in its undergraduate selection process.

Admissions considerations - This question refers to the admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students. Indicate the types of considerations that are used as part of the selection process for entering first-time degree/certificate-seeking students. For each, select one of the following options:
Required to be considered for admission,
Not required for admission, but considered if submitted,
Not considered for admission, even if submitted

This is applicable to institutions that do not have an open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students. (e.g., portfolios, certificates of mastery, assessment instruments)

Work experience

ADMCON11

Please select the option that best describes how your institution uses any of the following data in its undergraduate selection process.

Admissions considerations - This question refers to the admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students. Indicate the types of considerations that are used as part of the selection process for entering first-time degree/certificate-seeking students. For each, select one of the following options:
Required to be considered for admission,
Not required for admission, but considered if submitted,
Not considered for admission, even if submitted

This is applicable to institutions that do not have an open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students.

Personal statement or essay

ADMCON12

Please select the option that best describes how your institution uses any of the following data in its undergraduate selection process.

Admissions considerations - This question refers to the admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students. Indicate the types of considerations that are used as part of the selection process for entering first-time degree/certificate-seeking students. For each, select one of the following options:
Not required for admission, but considered if submitted,
Not considered for admission, even if submitted

This is applicable to institutions that do not have an open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students.

Legacy status
Required to be considered for admission is not applicable for this consideration

ADMCON7

Please select the option that best describes how your institution uses any of the following data in its undergraduate selection process.

Admissions considerations - This question refers to the admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students. Indicate the types of considerations that are used as part of the selection process for entering first-time degree/certificate-seeking students. For each, select one of the following options:
Required to be considered for admission,
Not required for admission, but considered if submitted (test optional institutions)
Not considered for admission, even if submitted (test blind institutions)

This is applicable to institutions that do not have an open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students.

Admission test scores (SAT,ACT, etc,)

ADMISSIONS TEST SCORES - Scores on standardized admissions tests or special admissions tests

SAT (SCHOLASTIC APTITUDE TEST) - An examination administered by the Educational Testing Service and used to predict the facility with which an individual will progress in learning college-level academic subjects.

ACT (AMERICAN COLLEGE TESTING PROGRAM) - The ACT assessment program measures educational development and readiness to pursue college-level coursework in English, mathematics, natural science, and social studies. Student performance does not reflect innate ability and is influenced by a student's educational preparedness.

ADMCON8

Please select the option that best describes how your institution uses any of the following data in its undergraduate selection process.

Admissions considerations - This question refers to the admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students. Indicate the types of considerations that are used as part of the selection process for entering first-time degree/certificate-seeking students. For each, select one of the following options:
Required to be considered for admission,
Not required for admission, but considered if submitted (test optional institutions)
Not considered for admission, even if submitted (test blind institutions)

This is applicable to institutions that do not have an open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students.

English Proficiency Test (for applicable students)

ADMCON9

Please select the option that best describes how your institution uses any of the following data in its undergraduate selection process.

Admissions considerations - This question refers to the admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students. Indicate the types of considerations that are used as part of the selection process for entering first-time degree/certificate-seeking students. For each, select one of the following options:
Required to be considered for admission,
Not required for admission, but considered if submitted (test optional institutions)
Not considered for admission, even if submitted (test blind institutions)

This is applicable to institutions that do not have an open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students.

Other Test (Wonderlic, WISC-III, etc.)

APPLCNM

Please provide the number of first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students who applied, were admitted, and enrolled (full or part time) at your institution for the most recent fall period available. Include early decision, early action, and students who began studies during the summer prior to that fall.
This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students

Number of applicants men

APPLICANT - An individual who has fulfilled the institution’s requirements to be considered for admission (including payment or waiving of the application fee, if any) and who has been notified of one of the following actions: admission, nonadmission, placement on waiting list, or application withdrawn (by applicant or institution).

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

EARLY DECISION
A plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision (and financial aid offer, if applicable) well in advance of the regular notification date. Applicants agree to accept an offer of admission and, if admitted, to withdraw their applications from other colleges. There are three possible decision applications: admitted, denied, or not admitted but forwarded for consideration with the regular applicant pool, without prejudice.

EARLY ACTION
An admission plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision well in advance of the regular notification dates. If admitted, the candidate is not committed to enroll (unlike early decision). Students may reply to the offer under the college's regular reply policy.

APPLCNW

Please provide the number of first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students who applied, were admitted, and enrolled (full or part time) at your institution for the most recent fall period available. Include early decision, early action, and students who began studies during the summer prior to that fall.
This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students

Number of applicants women

APPLICANT - An individual who has fulfilled the institution’s requirements to be considered for admission (including payment or waiving of the application fee, if any) and who has been notified of one of the following actions: admission, nonadmission, placement on waiting list, or application withdrawn (by applicant or institution).

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

EARLY DECISION
A plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision (and financial aid offer, if applicable) well in advance of the regular notification date. Applicants agree to accept an offer of admission and, if admitted, to withdraw their applications from other colleges. There are three possible decision applications: admitted, denied, or not admitted but forwarded for consideration with the regular applicant pool, without prejudice.

EARLY ACTION
An admission plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision well in advance of the regular notification dates. If admitted, the candidate is not committed to enroll (unlike early decision). Students may reply to the offer under the college's regular reply policy.

APPLCNAN

Please provide the number of first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students who applied, were admitted, and enrolled (full or part time) at your institution for the most recent fall period available. Include early decision, early action, and students who began studies during the summer prior to that fall.
This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students

Number of applicants another gender

Another gender (i.e., gender information is known but does not fall into either of the mutually exclusive binary categories provided [Men/Women]). This variable is left missing or blank for institutions who indicated that they were not able to report another gender for this data collection. For institutions who indicated that they were able to report another gender for this data collection, but no students identified as another gender this variable/cell is zero.

APPLICANT - An individual who has fulfilled the institution’s requirements to be considered for admission (including payment or waiving of the application fee, if any) and who has been notified of one of the following actions: admission, nonadmission, placement on waiting list, or application withdrawn (by applicant or institution).

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

EARLY DECISION
A plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision (and financial aid offer, if applicable) well in advance of the regular notification date. Applicants agree to accept an offer of admission and, if admitted, to withdraw their applications from other colleges. There are three possible decision applications: admitted, denied, or not admitted but forwarded for consideration with the regular applicant pool, without prejudice.

EARLY ACTION
An admission plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision well in advance of the regular notification dates. If admitted, the candidate is not committed to enroll (unlike early decision). Students may reply to the offer under the college's regular reply policy.

APPLCNUN

Please provide the number of first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students who applied, were admitted, and enrolled (full or part time) at your institution for the most recent fall period available. Include early decision, early action, and students who began studies during the summer prior to that fall.
This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students

Number of applicants gender unknown

APPLICANT - An individual who has fulfilled the institution’s requirements to be considered for admission (including payment or waiving of the application fee, if any) and who has been notified of one of the following actions: admission, nonadmission, placement on waiting list, or application withdrawn (by applicant or institution).

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

EARLY DECISION
A plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision (and financial aid offer, if applicable) well in advance of the regular notification date. Applicants agree to accept an offer of admission and, if admitted, to withdraw their applications from other colleges. There are three possible decision applications: admitted, denied, or not admitted but forwarded for consideration with the regular applicant pool, without prejudice.

EARLY ACTION
An admission plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision well in advance of the regular notification dates. If admitted, the candidate is not committed to enroll (unlike early decision). Students may reply to the offer under the college's regular reply policy.

ADMSSNM

Please provide the number of first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students who applied, were admitted, and enrolled (full or part time) at your institution for the most recent fall period available. Include early decision, early action, and students who began studies during the summer prior to that fall.
This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students

Number of admissions men

ADMISSIONS - Applicants that have been granted an official offer to enroll in a college or university.

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

EARLY DECISION
A plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision (and financial aid offer, if applicable) well in advance of the regular notification date. Applicants agree to accept an offer of admission and, if admitted, to withdraw their applications from other colleges. There are three possible decision applications: admitted, denied, or not admitted but forwarded for consideration with the regular applicant pool, without prejudice.

EARLY ACTION
An admission plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision well in advance of the regular notification dates. If admitted, the candidate is not committed to enroll (unlike early decision). Students may reply to the offer under the college's regular reply policy.

ADMSSNW

Please provide the number of first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students who applied, were admitted, and enrolled (full or part time) at your institution for the most recent fall period available. Include early decision, early action, and students who began studies during the summer prior to that fall.
This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students

Number of admissions women

ADMISSIONS - Applicants that have been granted an official offer to enroll in a college or university.

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

EARLY DECISION
A plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision (and financial aid offer, if applicable) well in advance of the regular notification date. Applicants agree to accept an offer of admission and, if admitted, to withdraw their applications from other colleges. There are three possible decision applications: admitted, denied, or not admitted but forwarded for consideration with the regular applicant pool, without prejudice.

EARLY ACTION
An admission plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision well in advance of the regular notification dates. If admitted, the candidate is not committed to enroll (unlike early decision). Students may reply to the offer under the college's regular reply policy.

ADMSSNAN

Please provide the number of first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students who applied, were admitted, and enrolled (full or part time) at your institution for the most recent fall period available. Include early decision, early action, and students who began studies during the summer prior to that fall.
This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students

Number of admissions another gender

Another gender (i.e., gender information is known but does not fall into either of the mutually exclusive binary categories provided [Men/Women]). This variable is left missing or blank for institutions who indicated that they were not able to report another gender for this data collection. For institutions who indicated that they were able to report another gender for this data collection, but no students identified as another gender this variable/cell is zero.

ADMISSIONS - Applicants that have been granted an official offer to enroll in a college or university.

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

EARLY DECISION
A plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision (and financial aid offer, if applicable) well in advance of the regular notification date. Applicants agree to accept an offer of admission and, if admitted, to withdraw their applications from other colleges. There are three possible decision applications: admitted, denied, or not admitted but forwarded for consideration with the regular applicant pool, without prejudice.

EARLY ACTION
An admission plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision well in advance of the regular notification dates. If admitted, the candidate is not committed to enroll (unlike early decision). Students may reply to the offer under the college's regular reply policy.

ADMSSNUN

Please provide the number of first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students who applied, were admitted, and enrolled (full or part time) at your institution for the most recent fall period available. Include early decision, early action, and students who began studies during the summer prior to that fall.
This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students

Number of admissions gender unknown

ADMISSIONS - Applicants that have been granted an official offer to enroll in a college or university.

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

EARLY DECISION
A plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision (and financial aid offer, if applicable) well in advance of the regular notification date. Applicants agree to accept an offer of admission and, if admitted, to withdraw their applications from other colleges. There are three possible decision applications: admitted, denied, or not admitted but forwarded for consideration with the regular applicant pool, without prejudice.

EARLY ACTION
An admission plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision well in advance of the regular notification dates. If admitted, the candidate is not committed to enroll (unlike early decision). Students may reply to the offer under the college's regular reply policy.

ENRLFTM

Please provide the number of first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students who applied, were admitted, and enrolled (full or part time) at your institution for the most recent fall period available. Include early decision, early action, and students who began studies during the summer prior to that fall.
This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students

Number of full time enrolled men

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS - Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

EARLY DECISION
A plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision (and financial aid offer, if applicable) well in advance of the regular notification date. Applicants agree to accept an offer of admission and, if admitted, to withdraw their applications from other colleges. There are three possible decision applications: admitted, denied, or not admitted but forwarded for consideration with the regular applicant pool, without prejudice.

EARLY ACTION
An admission plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision well in advance of the regular notification dates. If admitted, the candidate is not committed to enroll (unlike early decision). Students may reply to the offer under the college's regular reply policy.

FULL-TIME STUDENT Undergraduate - A student enrolled for 12 or more semester credits, or 12 or more quarter credits, or 24 or more clock hours a week each term

ENRLFTW

Please provide the number of first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students who applied, were admitted, and enrolled (full or part time) at your institution for the most recent fall period available. Include early decision, early action, and students who began studies during the summer prior to that fall.
This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students

Number of full time enrolled women

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS - Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

EARLY DECISION
A plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision (and financial aid offer, if applicable) well in advance of the regular notification date. Applicants agree to accept an offer of admission and, if admitted, to withdraw their applications from other colleges. There are three possible decision applications: admitted, denied, or not admitted but forwarded for consideration with the regular applicant pool, without prejudice.

EARLY ACTION
An admission plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision well in advance of the regular notification dates. If admitted, the candidate is not committed to enroll (unlike early decision). Students may reply to the offer under the college's regular reply policy.

FULL-TIME STUDENT Undergraduate - A student enrolled for 12 or more semester credits, or 12 or more quarter credits, or 24 or more clock hours a week each term

ENRLFTAN

Please provide the number of first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students who applied, were admitted, and enrolled (full or part time) at your institution for the most recent fall period available. Include early decision, early action, and students who began studies during the summer prior to that fall.
This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students

Number of full time enrolled another gender

Another gender (i.e., gender information is known but does not fall into either of the mutually exclusive binary categories provided [Men/Women]). This variable is left missing or blank for institutions who indicated that they were not able to report another gender for this data collection. For institutions who indicated that they were able to report another gender for this data collection, but no students identified as another gender this variable/cell is zero.

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS - Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

EARLY DECISION
A plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision (and financial aid offer, if applicable) well in advance of the regular notification date. Applicants agree to accept an offer of admission and, if admitted, to withdraw their applications from other colleges. There are three possible decision applications: admitted, denied, or not admitted but forwarded for consideration with the regular applicant pool, without prejudice.

EARLY ACTION
An admission plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision well in advance of the regular notification dates. If admitted, the candidate is not committed to enroll (unlike early decision). Students may reply to the offer under the college's regular reply policy.

FULL-TIME STUDENT Undergraduate - A student enrolled for 12 or more semester credits, or 12 or more quarter credits, or 24 or more clock hours a week each term

ENRLFTUN

Please provide the number of first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students who applied, were admitted, and enrolled (full or part time) at your institution for the most recent fall period available. Include early decision, early action, and students who began studies during the summer prior to that fall.
This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students

Number of full time enrolled gender unknown

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS - Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

EARLY DECISION
A plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision (and financial aid offer, if applicable) well in advance of the regular notification date. Applicants agree to accept an offer of admission and, if admitted, to withdraw their applications from other colleges. There are three possible decision applications: admitted, denied, or not admitted but forwarded for consideration with the regular applicant pool, without prejudice.

EARLY ACTION
An admission plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision well in advance of the regular notification dates. If admitted, the candidate is not committed to enroll (unlike early decision). Students may reply to the offer under the college's regular reply policy.

FULL-TIME STUDENT Undergraduate - A student enrolled for 12 or more semester credits, or 12 or more quarter credits, or 24 or more clock hours a week each term

ENRLPTM

Please provide the number of first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students who applied, were admitted, and enrolled (full or part time) at your institution for the most recent fall period available. Include early decision, early action, and students who began studies during the summer prior to that fall.
This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students

Number of part time enrolled men

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS - Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

EARLY DECISION
A plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision (and financial aid offer, if applicable) well in advance of the regular notification date. Applicants agree to accept an offer of admission and, if admitted, to withdraw their applications from other colleges. There are three possible decision applications: admitted, denied, or not admitted but forwarded for consideration with the regular applicant pool, without prejudice.

EARLY ACTION
An admission plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision well in advance of the regular notification dates. If admitted, the candidate is not committed to enroll (unlike early decision). Students may reply to the offer under the college's regular reply policy.

PART-TIME STUDENT Undergraduate - A student enrolled for either 11 semester credits or less, or 11 quarter credits or less, or less than 24 clock hours a week each term.

ENRLPTW

Please provide the number of first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students who applied, were admitted, and enrolled (full or part time) at your institution for the most recent fall period available. Include early decision, early action, and students who began studies during the summer prior to that fall.
This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students

Number of part time enrolled women

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS - Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

EARLY DECISION
A plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision (and financial aid offer, if applicable) well in advance of the regular notification date. Applicants agree to accept an offer of admission and, if admitted, to withdraw their applications from other colleges. There are three possible decision applications: admitted, denied, or not admitted but forwarded for consideration with the regular applicant pool, without prejudice.

EARLY ACTION
An admission plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision well in advance of the regular notification dates. If admitted, the candidate is not committed to enroll (unlike early decision). Students may reply to the offer under the college's regular reply policy.

PART-TIME STUDENT Undergraduate - A student enrolled for either 11 semester credits or less, or 11 quarter credits or less, or less than 24 clock hours a week each term.

ENRLPTAN

Please provide the number of first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students who applied, were admitted, and enrolled (full or part time) at your institution for the most recent fall period available. Include early decision, early action, and students who began studies during the summer prior to that fall.
This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students

Number of part time enrolled another gender

Another gender (i.e., gender information is known but does not fall into either of the mutually exclusive binary categories provided [Men/Women]). This variable is left missing or blank for institutions who indicated that they were not able to report another gender for this data collection. For institutions who indicated that they were able to report another gender for this data collection, but no students identified as another gender this variable/cell is zero.

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS - Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

EARLY DECISION
A plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision (and financial aid offer, if applicable) well in advance of the regular notification date. Applicants agree to accept an offer of admission and, if admitted, to withdraw their applications from other colleges. There are three possible decision applications: admitted, denied, or not admitted but forwarded for consideration with the regular applicant pool, without prejudice.

EARLY ACTION
An admission plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision well in advance of the regular notification dates. If admitted, the candidate is not committed to enroll (unlike early decision). Students may reply to the offer under the college's regular reply policy.

PART-TIME STUDENT Undergraduate - A student enrolled for either 11 semester credits or less, or 11 quarter credits or less, or less than 24 clock hours a week each term.

ENRLPTUN

Please provide the number of first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students who applied, were admitted, and enrolled (full or part time) at your institution for the most recent fall period available. Include early decision, early action, and students who began studies during the summer prior to that fall.
This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students

Number of part time enrolled gender unknown

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS - Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

EARLY DECISION
A plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision (and financial aid offer, if applicable) well in advance of the regular notification date. Applicants agree to accept an offer of admission and, if admitted, to withdraw their applications from other colleges. There are three possible decision applications: admitted, denied, or not admitted but forwarded for consideration with the regular applicant pool, without prejudice.

EARLY ACTION
An admission plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision well in advance of the regular notification dates. If admitted, the candidate is not committed to enroll (unlike early decision). Students may reply to the offer under the college's regular reply policy.

PART-TIME STUDENT Undergraduate - A student enrolled for either 11 semester credits or less, or 11 quarter credits or less, or less than 24 clock hours a week each term.

SATNUM

If test scores are required for admission for first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students, please provide the following information: the number and percentage of students submitting SAT/ACT scores and the 25th, 50th, and 75th percentile scores for each test. Provide data for the most recent group of students for which data are available; include new students admitted the summer prior to that fall.
(This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students ).

Number submitting SAT scores

SAT (SCHOLASTIC APTITUDE TEST) - An examination administered by the Educational Testing Service and used to predict the facility with which an individual will progress in learning college-level academic subjects.

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

SATPCT

If test scores are required for admission for first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students, please provide the following information: the number and percentage of students submitting SAT/ACT scores and the 25th, 50th and 75th percentile scores for each test. Provide data for the most recent group of students for which data are available; include new students admitted the summer prior to that fall.
(This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students ).

Percent submitting SAT scores

SAT (SCHOLASTIC APTITUDE TEST) - An examination administered by the Educational Testing Service and used to predict the facility with which an individual will progress in learning college-level academic subjects.

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

ACTNUM

If test scores are required for admission for first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students, please provide the following information: the number and percentage of students submitting SAT/ACT scores and the 25th, 50th and 75th percentile scores for each test. Provide data for the most recent group of students for which data are available; include new students admitted the summer prior to that fall.
(This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students ).

Number submitting ACT scores

ACT (AMERICAN COLLEGE TESTING PROGRAM) - The ACT assessment program measures educational development and readiness to pursue college-level coursework in English, mathematics, natural science, and social studies. Student performance does not reflect innate ability and is influenced by a student's educational preparedness.


FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

ACTPCT

If test scores are required for admission for first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students, please provide the following information: the number and percentage of students submitting SAT/ACT scores and the 25th, 50th and 75th percentile scores for each test. Provide data for the most recent group of students for which data are available; include new students admitted the summer prior to that fall.
(This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students ).


Percent submitting ACT scores

ACT (AMERICAN COLLEGE TESTING PROGRAM) - The ACT assessment program measures educational development and readiness to pursue college-level coursework in English, mathematics, natural science, and social studies. Student performance does not reflect innate ability and is influenced by a student's educational preparedness.


FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

SATVR25

If test scores are required for admission for first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students, please provide the following information: the number and percentage of students submitting SAT/ACT scores and the 25th, 50th and 75th percentile scores for each test. Provide data for the most recent group of students for which data are available; include new students admitted the summer prior to that fall.
(This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students ).

SAT Evidence-Based Reading and Writing 25th percentile score

SAT (SCHOLASTIC APTITUDE TEST) - An examination administered by the Educational Testing Service and used to predict the facility with which an individual will progress in learning college-level academic subjects.

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

SATVR50

If test scores are required for admission for first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students, please provide the following information: the number and percentage of students submitting SAT/ACT scores and the 25th, 50th and 75th percentile scores for each test. Provide data for the most recent group of students for which data are available; include new students admitted the summer prior to that fall.
(This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students ).

SAT Evidence-Based Reading and Writing 50th percentile score

SAT (SCHOLASTIC APTITUDE TEST) - An examination administered by the Educational Testing Service and used to predict the facility with which an individual will progress in learning college-level academic subjects.

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

SATVR75

If test scores are required for admission for first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students, please provide the following information: the number and percentage of students submitting SAT/ACT scores and the 25th, 50th and 75th percentile scores for each test. Provide data for the most recent group of students for which data are available; include new students admitted the summer prior to that fall.
(This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students ).

SAT I Evidence-Based Reading and Writing 75th percentile score

SAT (SCHOLASTIC APTITUDE TEST) - An examination administered by the Educational Testing Service and used to predict the facility with which an individual will progress in learning college-level academic subjects.

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

SATMT25

If test scores are required for admission for first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students, please provide the following information: the number and percentage of students submitting SAT/ACT scores and the 25th, 50th and 75th percentile scores for each test. Provide data for the most recent group of students for which data are available; include new students admitted the summer prior to that fall.
(This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students ).

SAT I Math 25th percentile score

SAT (SCHOLASTIC APTITUDE TEST) - An examination administered by the Educational Testing Service and used to predict the facility with which an individual will progress in learning college-level academic subjects.

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

SATMT50

If test scores are required for admission for first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students, please provide the following information: the number and percentage of students submitting SAT/ACT scores and the 25th, 50th and 75th percentile scores for each test. Provide data for the most recent group of students for which data are available; include new students admitted the summer prior to that fall.
(This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students ).

SAT I Math 50th percentile score

SAT (SCHOLASTIC APTITUDE TEST) - An examination administered by the Educational Testing Service and used to predict the facility with which an individual will progress in learning college-level academic subjects.

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

SATMT75

If test scores are required for admission for first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students, please provide the following information: the number and percentage of students submitting SAT/ACT scores and the 25th, 50th and 75th percentile scores for each test. Provide data for the most recent group of students for which data are available; include new students admitted the summer prior to that fall.
(This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students ).

SAT I Math 75th percentile score

SAT (SCHOLASTIC APTITUDE TEST) - An examination administered by the Educational Testing Service and used to predict the facility with which an individual will progress in learning college-level academic subjects.

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

ACTCM25

If test scores are required for admission for first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students, please provide the following information: the number and percentage of students submitting SAT/ACT scores and the 25th, 50th and 75th percentile scores for each test. Provide data for the most recent group of students for which data are available; include new students admitted the summer prior to that fall.
(This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students ).

ACT Composite 25th percentile score

ACT (AMERICAN COLLEGE TESTING PROGRAM) - The ACT assessment program measures educational development and readiness to pursue college-level coursework in English, mathematics, natural science, and social studies. Student performance does not reflect innate ability and is influenced by a student's educational preparedness.


FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

ACTCM50

If test scores are required for admission for first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students, please provide the following information: the number and percentage of students submitting SAT/ACT scores and the 25th, 50th and 75th percentile scores for each test. Provide data for the most recent group of students for which data are available; include new students admitted the summer prior to that fall.
(This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students ).

ACT Composite 50th percentile score

ACT (AMERICAN COLLEGE TESTING PROGRAM) - The ACT assessment program measures educational development and readiness to pursue college-level coursework in English, mathematics, natural science, and social studies. Student performance does not reflect innate ability and is influenced by a student's educational preparedness.


FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

ACTCM75

If test scores are required for admission for first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students, please provide the following information: the number and percentage of students submitting SAT/ACT scores and the 25th, 50th and 75th percentile scores for each test. Provide data for the most recent group of students for which data are available; include new students admitted the summer prior to that fall.
(This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students ).

ACT Composite 75th percentile score

ACT (AMERICAN COLLEGE TESTING PROGRAM) - The ACT assessment program measures educational development and readiness to pursue college-level coursework in English, mathematics, natural science, and social studies. Student performance does not reflect innate ability and is influenced by a student's educational preparedness.


FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

ACTEN25

If test scores are required for admission for first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students, please provide the following information: the number and percentage of students submitting SAT/ACT scores and the 25th, 50th and 75th percentile scores for each test. Provide data for the most recent group of students for which data are available; include new students admitted the summer prior to that fall.
(This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students ).

ACT English 25th percentile score

ACT (AMERICAN COLLEGE TESTING PROGRAM) - The ACT assessment program measures educational development and readiness to pursue college-level coursework in English, mathematics, natural science, and social studies. Student performance does not reflect innate ability and is influenced by a student's educational preparedness.


FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

ACTEN50

If test scores are required for admission for first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students, please provide the following information: the number and percentage of students submitting SAT/ACT scores and the 25th, 50th and 75th percentile scores for each test. Provide data for the most recent group of students for which data are available; include new students admitted the summer prior to that fall.
(This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students ).

ACT English 50th percentile score

ACT (AMERICAN COLLEGE TESTING PROGRAM) - The ACT assessment program measures educational development and readiness to pursue college-level coursework in English, mathematics, natural science, and social studies. Student performance does not reflect innate ability and is influenced by a student's educational preparedness.


FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

ACTEN75

If test scores are required for admission for first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students, please provide the following information: the number and percentage of students submitting SAT/ACT scores and the 25th, 50th and 75th percentile scores for each test. Provide data for the most recent group of students for which data are available; include new students admitted the summer prior to that fall.
(This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students ).

ACT English 75th percentile score

ACT (AMERICAN COLLEGE TESTING PROGRAM) - The ACT assessment program measures educational development and readiness to pursue college-level coursework in English, mathematics, natural science, and social studies. Student performance does not reflect innate ability and is influenced by a student's educational preparedness.


FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

ACTMT25

If test scores are required for admission for first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students, please provide the following information: the number and percentage of students submitting SAT/ACT scores and the 25th, 50th and 75th percentile scores for each test. Provide data for the most recent group of students for which data are available; include new students admitted the summer prior to that fall.
(This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students ).

ACT Math 25th percentile score

ACT (AMERICAN COLLEGE TESTING PROGRAM) - The ACT assessment program measures educational development and readiness to pursue college-level coursework in English, mathematics, natural science, and social studies. Student performance does not reflect innate ability and is influenced by a student's educational preparedness.


FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

ACTMT50

If test scores are required for admission for first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students, please provide the following information: the number and percentage of students submitting SAT/ACT scores and the 25th, 50th and 75th percentile scores for each test. Provide data for the most recent group of students for which data are available; include new students admitted the summer prior to that fall.
(This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students ).

ACT Math 50th percentile score

ACT (AMERICAN COLLEGE TESTING PROGRAM) - The ACT assessment program measures educational development and readiness to pursue college-level coursework in English, mathematics, natural science, and social studies. Student performance does not reflect innate ability and is influenced by a student's educational preparedness.


FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

ACTMT75

If test scores are required for admission for first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students, please provide the following information: the number and percentage of students submitting SAT/ACT scores and the 25th, 50th and 75th percentile scores for each test. Provide data for the most recent group of students for which data are available; include new students admitted the summer prior to that fall.
(This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students ).

ACT Math 75th percentile score

ACT (AMERICAN COLLEGE TESTING PROGRAM) - The ACT assessment program measures educational development and readiness to pursue college-level coursework in English, mathematics, natural science, and social studies. Student performance does not reflect innate ability and is influenced by a student's educational preparedness.


FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

ENRLM

Please provide the number of first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students who applied, were admitted, and enrolled (full or part time) at your institution for the most recent fall period available. Include early decision, early action, and students who began studies during the summer prior to that fall.
This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students

Number of enrolled men

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

EARLY DECISION
A plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision (and financial aid offer, if applicable) well in advance of the regular notification date. Applicants agree to accept an offer of admission and, if admitted, to withdraw their applications from other colleges. There are three possible decision applications: admitted, denied, or not admitted but forwarded for consideration with the regular applicant pool, without prejudice.

EARLY ACTION
An admission plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision well in advance of the regular notification dates. If admitted, the candidate is not committed to enroll (unlike early decision). Students may reply to the offer under the college's regular reply policy.

ENRLW

Please provide the number of first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students who applied, were admitted, and enrolled (full or part time) at your institution for the most recent fall period available. Include early decision, early action, and students who began studies during the summer prior to that fall.
This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students

Number of enrolled women

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

EARLY DECISION
A plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision (and financial aid offer, if applicable) well in advance of the regular notification date. Applicants agree to accept an offer of admission and, if admitted, to withdraw their applications from other colleges. There are three possible decision applications: admitted, denied, or not admitted but forwarded for consideration with the regular applicant pool, without prejudice.

EARLY ACTION
An admission plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision well in advance of the regular notification dates. If admitted, the candidate is not committed to enroll (unlike early decision). Students may reply to the offer under the college's regular reply policy.

ENRLAN

Please provide the number of first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students who applied, were admitted, and enrolled (full or part time) at your institution for the most recent fall period available. Include early decision, early action, and students who began studies during the summer prior to that fall.
This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students

Number of enrolled another gender

Another gender (i.e., gender information is known but does not fall into either of the mutually exclusive binary categories provided [Men/Women]). This variable is left missing or blank for institutions who indicated that they were not able to report another gender for this data collection. For institutions who indicated that they were able to report another gender for this data collection, but no students identified as another gender this variable/cell is zero.

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

EARLY DECISION
A plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision (and financial aid offer, if applicable) well in advance of the regular notification date. Applicants agree to accept an offer of admission and, if admitted, to withdraw their applications from other colleges. There are three possible decision applications: admitted, denied, or not admitted but forwarded for consideration with the regular applicant pool, without prejudice.

EARLY ACTION
An admission plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision well in advance of the regular notification dates. If admitted, the candidate is not committed to enroll (unlike early decision). Students may reply to the offer under the college's regular reply policy.

ENRLUN

Please provide the number of first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students who applied, were admitted, and enrolled (full or part time) at your institution for the most recent fall period available. Include early decision, early action, and students who began studies during the summer prior to that fall.
This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students

Number of enrolled gender unknown

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

EARLY DECISION
A plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision (and financial aid offer, if applicable) well in advance of the regular notification date. Applicants agree to accept an offer of admission and, if admitted, to withdraw their applications from other colleges. There are three possible decision applications: admitted, denied, or not admitted but forwarded for consideration with the regular applicant pool, without prejudice.

EARLY ACTION
An admission plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision well in advance of the regular notification dates. If admitted, the candidate is not committed to enroll (unlike early decision). Students may reply to the offer under the college's regular reply policy.

ENRLT

Please provide the number of first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students who applied, were admitted, and enrolled (full or part time) at your institution for the most recent fall period available. Include early decision, early action, and students who began studies during the summer prior to that fall.
This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students

Total number of enrolled

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

EARLY DECISION
A plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision (and financial aid offer, if applicable) well in advance of the regular notification date. Applicants agree to accept an offer of admission and, if admitted, to withdraw their applications from other colleges. There are three possible decision applications: admitted, denied, or not admitted but forwarded for consideration with the regular applicant pool, without prejudice.

EARLY ACTION
An admission plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision well in advance of the regular notification dates. If admitted, the candidate is not committed to enroll (unlike early decision). Students may reply to the offer under the college's regular reply policy.

APPLCN

Please provide the number of first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students who applied, were admitted, and enrolled (full or part time) at your institution for the most recent fall period available. Include early decision, early action, and students who began studies during the summer prior to that fall.
This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students

Total number of applicants

APPLICANT - An individual who has fulfilled the institution’s requirements to be considered for admission (including payment or waiving of the application fee, if any) and who has been notified of one of the following actions: admission, nonadmission, placement on waiting list, or application withdrawn (by applicant or institution).

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

EARLY DECISION
A plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision (and financial aid offer, if applicable) well in advance of the regular notification date. Applicants agree to accept an offer of admission and, if admitted, to withdraw their applications from other colleges. There are three possible decision applications: admitted, denied, or not admitted but forwarded for consideration with the regular applicant pool, without prejudice.

EARLY ACTION
An admission plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision well in advance of the regular notification dates. If admitted, the candidate is not committed to enroll (unlike early decision). Students may reply to the offer under the college's regular reply policy.

ADMSSN

Please provide the number of first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students who applied, were admitted, and enrolled (full or part time) at your institution for the most recent fall period available. Include early decision, early action, and students who began studies during the summer prior to that fall.
This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students

Total number of admissions

ADMISSIONS - Applicants that have been granted an official offer to enroll in a college or university.

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

EARLY DECISION
A plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision (and financial aid offer, if applicable) well in advance of the regular notification date. Applicants agree to accept an offer of admission and, if admitted, to withdraw their applications from other colleges. There are three possible decision applications: admitted, denied, or not admitted but forwarded for consideration with the regular applicant pool, without prejudice.

EARLY ACTION
An admission plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision well in advance of the regular notification dates. If admitted, the candidate is not committed to enroll (unlike early decision). Students may reply to the offer under the college's regular reply policy.

ENRLFT

Please provide the number of first-time, degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate students who applied, were admitted, and enrolled (full or part time) at your institution for the most recent fall period available. Include early decision, early action, and students who began studies during the summer prior to that fall.
This is applicable to institutions that have no open admission policy for entering first-time undergraduate students

Total number of full time enrolled

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS
Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

EARLY DECISION
A plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision (and financial aid offer, if applicable) well in advance of the regular notification date. Applicants agree to accept an offer of admission and, if admitted, to withdraw their applications from other colleges. There are three possible decision applications: admitted, denied, or not admitted but forwarded for consideration with the regular applicant pool, without prejudice.

EARLY ACTION
An admission plan that allows students to apply and be notified of an admission decision well in advance of the regular notification dates. If admitted, the candidate is not committed to enroll (unlike early decision). Students may reply to the offer under the college's regular reply policy.

FULL-TIME STUDENT Undergraduate - A student enrolled for 12 or more semester credits, or 12 or more quarter credits, or 24 or more clock hours a week each term

ENRLPT

Total number of first-time degree/certificate-seeking undergraduate enrolled part time.

FIRST-TIME STUDENT (UNDERGRADUATE) - A student attending any institution for the first time at the undergraduate level. Includes students enrolled in academic or occupational programs. Also includes students enrolled in the fall term who attended college for the first time in the prior summer term, and students who entered with advanced standing (college credits earned before graduation from high school).

DEGREE/CERTIFICATE-SEEKING STUDENTS - Students enrolled in courses for credit who are recognized by the institution as seeking a degree or formal award. At the undergraduate level, this is intended to include students enrolled in vocational or occupational programs.

PART-TIME STUDENT Undergraduate - A student enrolled for either 11 semester credits or less, or 11 quarter credits or less, or less than 24 clock hours a week each term.

5.1.3 Value Set for Admissions Considerations 1

Code
codebook$values |>
  filter(var_name == 'ADMCON1') |>
  select(var_name, codevalue, value_label) |>
  flextable() |>
  bold(part = 'header') |>
  border_inner_v(part = "all", border = small_border ) |>
  border_inner_h(part = "all", border = small_border ) |>
  autofit()

var_name

codevalue

value_label

ADMCON1

1

Required to be considered for admission

ADMCON1

5

Not required for admission, but considered if submitted

ADMCON1

3

Not considered for admission, even if submitted

ADMCON1

-1

Not reported

ADMCON1

-2

Not applicable

5.2 Create a Summary Table

Having gotten the codebook out of the way, here is an actual summary table. I’ve summarized the admissions rates (Admit Rate) of Big Ten institutions with appropriate formatting and annotation. I’ve also included a simple graphic element to show how other interesting elements can be added. The flextable documentation shows many sophisticated examples to inspire you!

Code
df |>
  filter(is_big_ten) |>
  mutate(rate = admssn / applcn) |>
  transmute(Institution = short,
            State = stabbr,
            Tier = cut(rate,
                       breaks = c(-Inf, 0.25, 0.6, Inf),
                       labels = c('Highly Selective',
                                  'Selective',
                                  'Less Selective')),
            `Admit Rate` = percent(rate, digits = 1),
            Bar = rate) |>
  arrange(`Admit Rate`) |>
  flextable() |>
  add_footer_lines(values = 'SOURCE: IPEDS HD, IC, and ADM surveys (NCES).') |>
  compose(j = "Bar",
         value = as_paragraph(
           minibar(value = Bar, max = 1.0,
                   barcol = wes_palette("Darjeeling1")[5])
           )
         ) |>
  bg(i = ~ Tier == 'Selective', bg = 'gray90') |> 
  align(align = "center", part = "header") |>
  bold(part = 'header') |>
  italic(part = 'footer') |>
  autofit()

Institution

State

Tier

Admit Rate

Bar

Northwestern

IL

Highly Selective

7.2%

UCLA

CA

Highly Selective

8.6%

USC

CA

Highly Selective

12.0%

Michigan

MI

Highly Selective

17.7%

Maryland

MD

Selective

44.6%

Illinois

IL

Selective

44.8%

Washington

WA

Selective

47.5%

Wisconsin

WI

Selective

49.1%

Purdue

IN

Selective

52.7%

Ohio State

OH

Selective

52.7%

Penn State

PA

Selective

55.2%

Rutgers

NJ

Less Selective

66.3%

Minnesota

MN

Less Selective

74.9%

Nebraska

NE

Less Selective

78.6%

Indiana

IN

Less Selective

82.4%

Iowa

IA

Less Selective

86.0%

Oregon

OR

Less Selective

86.3%

MSU

MI

Less Selective

88.0%

SOURCE: IPEDS HD, IC, and ADM surveys (NCES).

6 Plots

Now we get to the visuals! I’ve kept these pretty simple, but they should give you some ideas to start with. I’ve tried to pay attention to formatting via themes, custom colors, and things like axis formats. However, this handful of plots merely scratches the surface of ggplot2’s capabilities, to say nothing of alternatives like plotly, which can be used to produce interactive visualizations.

6.1 Create a (Fanciful) Bar Plot

In this plot, I’ve used the same information as the previous table to produce a lollipop-style bar plot. Note the use of the scales package to format the x-axis to properly display percentages. (The scales package is part of ggplot2’s dependencies, but isn’t loaded via the tidyverse call above).

Code
df |>
  filter(is_big_ten) |>
  mutate(rate = admssn / applcn) |>
  mutate(Tier = cut(rate, breaks = c(-Inf, 0.25, 0.6, Inf),
                    labels = c('Highly Selective',
                               'Selective',
                               'Less Selective'))) |>
  ggplot(aes(y = reorder(short, -rate),
             x = rate,
             color = Tier,
             fill = Tier)) +
  geom_col(width = 0.01) +
  geom_point() +
  scale_fill_manual(values = wes_palette("Darjeeling1")[1:3]) +
  scale_color_manual(values = wes_palette("Darjeeling1")[1:3]) +
  scale_x_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format()) +
  theme_solarized() +
  theme(legend.position = "bottom") +
  labs(title = "Big Ten Admissions Rates: Most to Least Selective",
       subtitle = "Fall 2022 Entering Class",
       caption = "SOURCE: Integrated Postsecondary Data System (IPEDS), HD, IC, and ADM Surveys.\nNational Center for Education Statistics",
       x = NULL,
       y = NULL,
       fill = NULL,
       color = NULL)

6.2 Create an Annotated Scatterplot

Here is a scatterplot of the admissions rates from above against yield rates for all institutions in the 2021 Research-Very High basic classification.

Code
df |>
  mutate(`Rejection Rate` = 1 - (admssn / applcn),
         `Yield Rate` = enrlt / admssn) |>
  ggplot(aes(x = `Rejection Rate`, y = `Yield Rate`, color = big_10,
             group = big_10)) +
  scale_color_manual(values = c(wes_palette("Royal1")[2],
                                wes_palette("Royal1")[1])) +
  scale_x_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format()) +
  scale_y_continuous(labels = scales::percent_format()) +
  theme_economist() +
  geom_point(alpha = .80) +
  geom_text(aes(label = short), size = 2.5,
            position = position_jitter(width = 0.02, height = 0.02)) +
  labs(title = "Where did Big Ten institutions fall in selectivity vs. yield?",
       subtitle = "Fall 2022 Entering Class at Research - Very High Institutions",
       caption = "SOURCE: Integrated Postsecondary Data System (IPEDS), HD, IC, and ADM Surveys.\nNational Center for Education Statistics",
       x = 'Selectivity (%)',
       y = 'Yield (%)',
       color = NULL)

6.3 Create a Simple Dashboard

The final example creates two plots and displays them together using the patchwork package. Note how the scales package is again used, this time to convert integers to a thousands scale. Using patchwork’s plot_annotation() function, I moved the title and end caption to the dashboard’s container.

Code
# create the lefthand plot
p1 <- df |>
  filter(is_big_ten) |>
  mutate(physical = lpbooks / fte,
         electronic = lebooks / fte,
         totalbooks = physical + electronic) |>
  pivot_longer(cols = c(physical, electronic)) |>
  ggplot(aes(y = reorder(short, totalbooks),
             x = value,
             fill = name)) +
  geom_col(width = 0.75, color = 'white') +
  scale_fill_manual(values = wes_palette("BottleRocket2")[1:2]) +
  theme_minimal() +
  theme(legend.position = "bottom") +
  labs(title = "Books per FTE",
       x = NULL,
       y = NULL,
       fill = NULL)

# create the righthand plot
p2 <- df |>
  filter(is_big_ten) |>
  ggplot(aes(y = reorder(short, lilldpr),
             x = lilldpr)) +
  geom_col(fill = wes_palette("BottleRocket2")[3],
           color = 'white',
           width = 0.75) +
  scale_x_continuous(labels = scales::label_comma(accuracy = 1,
                                                   scale = 0.001,
                                                   suffix = 'K')) +
  theme_minimal() +
  labs(title = "External ILL Requests Filled",
       x = NULL,
       y = NULL)

# use patchwork to combine the plots
(p1 + p2) + plot_annotation(
  title = 'Big Ten Library Statistics',
  caption = "SOURCE: Integrated Postsecondary Data System (IPEDS), HD, IC, and AL Surveys.\nNational Center for Education Statistics"
)

I felt a great disturbance in the Force, as if millions of librarians suddenly cried out in terror and were suddenly silenced. I’m not library staff, so please forgive the simplistic – and possibly misguided – analysis here!

Hopefully, these examples have whetted your appetite. I’ve intentionally avoided going too deep here – this is meant to give you a few ideas to start with. Take it, improve it, extend it, and fully run with it!

7 End Notes and Whatnot

This document was created using Quarto. Quarto renders various document types: articles, web pages, revealjs presentations, and etc. It is supports R and Python, among others. See its online documentation for details. You can use Quarto to make static HTML as I’ve done here, or you can combine it with Shiny to create interactive web pages for sharing. If you wish to create static files (i.e., PNG, JPG, etc.) take a look at the ggsave() function in the ggplot2 documentation.

7.1 Session Info

Code
sessionInfo()
R version 4.4.1 (2024-06-14 ucrt)
Platform: x86_64-w64-mingw32/x64
Running under: Windows 10 x64 (build 19045)

Matrix products: default


locale:
[1] LC_COLLATE=English_United States.utf8 
[2] LC_CTYPE=English_United States.utf8   
[3] LC_MONETARY=English_United States.utf8
[4] LC_NUMERIC=C                          
[5] LC_TIME=English_United States.utf8    

time zone: America/Chicago
tzcode source: internal

attached base packages:
[1] stats     graphics  grDevices utils     datasets  methods   base     

other attached packages:
 [1] patchwork_1.3.0   ggthemes_5.1.0    wesanderson_0.3.7 officer_0.6.7    
 [5] formattable_0.2.1 flextable_0.9.6   DT_0.33           duckdb_1.1.1     
 [9] DBI_1.2.3         lubridate_1.9.3   forcats_1.0.0     stringr_1.5.1    
[13] dplyr_1.1.4       purrr_1.0.2       readr_2.1.5       tidyr_1.3.1      
[17] tibble_3.2.1      ggplot2_3.5.1     tidyverse_2.0.0  

loaded via a namespace (and not attached):
 [1] gtable_0.3.5            bslib_0.8.0             xfun_0.48              
 [4] htmlwidgets_1.6.4       tzdb_0.4.0              vctrs_0.6.5            
 [7] tools_4.4.1             crosstalk_1.2.1         generics_0.1.3         
[10] fansi_1.0.6             blob_1.2.4              pkgconfig_2.0.3        
[13] data.table_1.16.0       dbplyr_2.5.0            uuid_1.2-1             
[16] lifecycle_1.0.4         compiler_4.4.1          farver_2.1.2           
[19] textshaping_0.4.0       munsell_0.5.1           fontquiver_0.2.1       
[22] fontLiberation_0.1.0    sass_0.4.9              htmltools_0.5.8.1      
[25] yaml_2.3.10             jquerylib_0.1.4         pillar_1.9.0           
[28] openssl_2.2.2           cachem_1.1.0            fontBitstreamVera_0.1.1
[31] tidyselect_1.2.1        zip_2.3.1               digest_0.6.37          
[34] stringi_1.8.4           labeling_0.4.3          fastmap_1.2.0          
[37] grid_4.4.1              colorspace_2.1-1        cli_3.6.3              
[40] magrittr_2.0.3          utf8_1.2.4              withr_3.0.1            
[43] gdtools_0.4.0           scales_1.3.0            timechange_0.3.0       
[46] rmarkdown_2.28          askpass_1.2.1           ragg_1.3.3             
[49] hms_1.1.3               evaluate_1.0.1          knitr_1.48             
[52] rlang_1.1.4             Rcpp_1.0.13             glue_1.8.0             
[55] xml2_1.3.6              rstudioapi_0.17.1       jsonlite_1.8.9         
[58] R6_2.5.1                systemfonts_1.1.0